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Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.〔The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, James M. Rubenstein〕 The forces applied may be various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), intimidation, as well as mass murder. Ethnic cleansing is usually accompanied with the efforts to remove physical and cultural evidence of the targeted group in the territory through the destruction of homes, social centers, farms, and infrastructure, and by the desecration of monuments, cemeteries, and places of worship. Initially used by the perpetrators during the Yugoslav Wars and cited in this context as a euphemism akin to that of the "final solution", by the 1990s the term gained widespread acceptance in academic discourse in its generic meaning. ==Ethnic cleansing vs. genocide== The crimes committed during an ethnic cleansing are similar to those of genocides, but while genocide includes an intent at complete or partial destruction of the target group, ethnic cleansing may involve murder only to the point of mobilizing the target group out of the territory. Hence there may be varied degrees of mass murder in an ethnic cleansing, often subsiding when the target group appears to be leaving the desired territory, while during genocide the mass murder is ubiquitous and constant throughout the process, continuing even while the target group tries to flee.〔Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), May 27, 1994 ((S/1994/674 )), English page=33, Paragraph 130〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary )〕 Ethnic cleansing is not to be confused with genocide; however, academic discourse considers both as existing in a spectrum of assaults on nations or religio-ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing is similar to forced deportation or population transfer whereas genocide is the intentional murder of part or all of a particular ethnic, religious, or national group.〔(W. A., 2000, Genocide in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. )()〕 Some academics consider genocide as a subset of "murderous ethnic cleansing."〔(M., 2005,The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. )()〕 Thus, these concepts are different, but related; "literally and figuratively, ethnic cleansing bleeds into genocide, as mass murder is committed in order to rid the land of a people."〔(N. 2007, Theoretical Paper: Ethnic Cleansing, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence )()〕 Synonyms include ''ethnic purification''.〔Drazen Petrovic, ("Ethnic Cleansing – An Attempt at Methodology" ), ''European Journal of International Law'', Vol. No. 3. Retrieved May 20, 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ethnic cleansing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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